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 Built on an island in Lake Texoco in the early fourteenth century, the Aztec city of Tenochtitln was the largest city in the Americas. Rebuilt after the Spanish conquest, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial centre of a major part of the colonial empire of Spain. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, Mexico City modernized rapidly. The industrial development of the city was facilitated by the fact that it had the best infrastructure of the country, the largest consumer market, and a relatively well-trained labour force.


Mexico City is the political, financial and cultural nerve center of Mexico, and to understand the country one should spend some time here. Perhaps more than any city on earth, it is at the intersection of the first and third worlds, with all the ills, thrills and surprises that suggests. Mexico City's climate is temperate year round, though it can get a little nippy at night from November to February. Because of thermal inversion, air pollution is often at its heaviest during this period. Jacarandas bloom from February to March, and either month would probably be preferable to April, when the city can get unpleasantly dusty and polluted. Though Mexico City will sweep you up at any time of the year, the holiday periods of Semana Santa and Christmas to New Year are particularly jovial, busy times to visit. October may be the pick of the months: the rains of summer have abated, everything is still green, smog is at its lowest levels, and the Day of the Dead provides a real highlight. Many Mexicans do their holidaying in July or August. Built on an island in Lake Texoco in the early fourteenth century, the Aztec city of Tenochtitln was the largest city in the Americas. Rebuilt after the Spanish conquest, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial centre of a major part of the colonial empire of Spain. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, Mexico City modernized rapidly. The industrial development of the city was facilitated by the fact that it had the best infrastructure of the country, the largest consumer market, and a relatively well-trained labour force. Due to the devastation of the smallpox epidemic in 1520, Mexico City began its existence with only 30,000 people. Over the next four centuries population levels grew slowly until the spectacular growth of the twentieth century. Migration was more important than natural increase in fueling the population growth in Mexico City. From a population of 1.6 million in 1940, it increased to 3.1 million in 1950, 5.4 million in 1960, 9.1 million in 1970, 13.9 million in 1980, and about 15.6 million in 1995. This rapid growth in Mexico City was the outcome of policies that greatly favoured the concentration of industrial production in Mexico City. Mexico City had access to electricity, oil and other power sources, the provision of water and drainage facilities, and was the focus of major road investment programmes. The most important industrial activities undertaken in the city include the manufacture of clothing, furniture and repairs, publishing activities, production of rubber, plastic and metal goods, as well as the assembly and repair of electrical goods. Most of this production was for the national and local markets rather than oriented towards global markets, as is now the case due to the North American Free Trade Agreement. Urbanization has had a serious negative effect on the ecosystem of Mexico City. Though water supplies have increased to 300 liters per day per capita, the city lacks an efficient distribution system. Although 80% of the population have piped inside plumbing, residents in the peripheral areas cannot access the sewage network and a great percentage of waste-water remains untreated as it passes to the north for use as irrigation water. Pollution is undoubtedly the most serious problem in Mexico City. 2.6 million private automobiles in the city were estimated to be responsible for 50% of traffic congestion and produced about 80% of air pollution. Though government planning strategies strive towards the decentralization of Mexico City, tax subsidies and other government actions often make the city more attractive than other areas. Furthermore, Mexicans who desire to remain in Mexico City are influenced by numerous social, political, educational and cultural factor, and they often equate living in Mexico City with the image of personal success. It seems unlikely, therefore, that the national predominance of Mexico City will change very much during the remainder of the twentieth century. Best Hiking and Mountain Biking: On the flanks of El Ajusco, outdoor enthusiasts will be happy to find San Nicolás Totolapan, a community-managed forest reserve. For a nominal fee, hikers and bikers can roam over 150 kilometers of well-maintained and guarded trails, or take guided naturalist walks for a bit more. Strangest Place to Go Rock Climbing: You have to drive through the industrial neighborhoods of northern Mexico City, but when you arrive to Parque Ecológico El Cantil, you’ll see that although the surroundings are less than bucolic, the wall of 25-meter cliffs offers dozens of great top-rope and even a few trad routes ranging in difficulty from 5.8–5.12 Best Place to Go for a Jog: The Primera Sección (First Section) of Chapultepec Park is criss-crossed with paths through grassy meadows and groves of trees and around a couple of small lakes—an ideal and safe place for a run away from all the traffic. Better to come during the week, though, as the park fills up on weekends. Best Public Golf Course: The golf courses within the city itself are all private, but one good public course just south of Mexico City is the reasonably-priced Campestre Cocoyoc. Best Place to Lay a Wager: For a lazy afternoon of sipping drinks and betting on the ponies, head out to Hipódromo de las Américas. With bets allowed as low as a dime, you don’t need to be a big spender to participate. Foxhunting may be a thing of the past in Britain, but bullfighting is alive and well here in Mexico. It’s definitely not for everyone, but it is certainly a most unusual, ritualistic spectacle. The big shows are held at the Monumental Plaza de Toros México.

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